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Circular Flow of Payments and National Income
To have a glimpse in the working of the economy as a whole may be of use
to a student of economics.
In every economy there are lots of households to supply labour and capital
to firms that use them to produce goods and services. Firms provide incomes
for households, who in turn1 use this money to purchase the goods and services
produced by firms. This process is called the circular flow of payments2.
The gross domestic product (GDP) is the total money value of all final
goods produced in the domestic economy over a one-year period. The GDP
can be measured in three ways: (a) the sum of the value added3 in the production
within a year, (b) the sum of incomes received from producing the
year's output, (c) the sum to spend on the year's domestic output of goods
and services.
The total money value of all final goods and services in an economy over
a one-year period, that is the GDP, plus property income from abroad (interest,
rent, dividends and profits) make the gross national product (GNP). The
GNP is an important measure of a country's economic well-being, while the
GNP per head provides a measure of the average standard of living of the
country's people. However, this is only an average measure of what people
get. The goods and services available to particular individuals depend on the
income distribution within the economy.
We now recognize that assets wear out in the production process either
Physically or become obsolete. This process is known as depreciation. There
has to be part of the economy's gross output to replace existing capital, and
this part of gross output is not available for consumption, investment, government
spending, or exports. So we subtract depreciation from the GNP to
arrive at national income.
National income measures the amount of money the economy has available
for spending on goods and services after setting aside enough money to
replace resources used up in the production process.
Since output is determined by demand, the aggregate demand or spending
plans of households and firms determine the level of the output proceed,
which in turn makes up the income available to households.

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Ученик
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гугл в помощь

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а онлайн переводчик для кого??? или не судьба туда зайти??