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London is the capital of Great Britain, its political, economic and commercial centre. It is one of the largest cities in the world and the largest city in Europe. Its population is about 11 mil­lion. London is situated on the river Thames. London is one of the oldest and most interesting cities in the world.
London was founded more than two thousand years ago in the first century A.D. by the Romans. They left London in the 5th century and the city was largely abandoned. By the 8th century London was again a busy trading centre, and in the 11th century it became the capital of England. Edward the Confessor built a palace and an abbey at Westminster. The Norman period saw the construction of the Tower, old St. Paul`s Cathedral and many churches and monasteries.
Medieval London grew in importance as a trading centre and in 1215 its citizens won the right to elect their own leader, or Lord Mayor. London began to spread beyond the city walls during the Tudor and Stuart periods.
The Great Fire of 1666 destroyed three-quarters of the city. Sir Christopher Wren rebuilt St. Paul`s Cathedral and designed 51 churches. The rebuilding of London followed the medieval street plan, but the old wooden houses were replaced by buildings of brick to reduce the future fire risk.
During the 19th century London spread rapidly into the sub­urbs. As a result of it, new forms of transport were developed, in­cluding the underground railway system. Britain was then at the height of her imperial power and this is expressed in such build­ings as the Houses of Parliament and St. Pancras Station

The Great Fire of 1666 destroyed three-quarters of the city. Sir Christopher Wren rebuilt St. Paul`s Cathedral and designed 51 churches. The rebuilding of London followed the medieval street plan, but the old wooden houses were replaced by buildings of brick to reduce the future fire risk.
During the 19th century London spread rapidly into the sub­urbs. As a result of it, new forms of transport were developed, in­cluding the underground railway system. Britain was then at the height of her imperial power and this is expressed in such build­ings as the Houses of Parliament and St. Pancras Station

Large areas of London were destroyed by bombs during World War II, and the rebuilding that followed was of mixed quality.
Today in its full extent Greater London covers 625 square miles and consists of 33 separate boroughs. Traditionally London is di­vided into several parts: the City, Westminster, the West End and the East End. They are rather different from one another.
The heart of London is the City, its financial and business cen­tre. Numerous banks, offices and firms are situated there, includ­ing the Bank of England, the Stock Exchange and the Old Bailey.
The City extends over an area of about 2,6 square kilometres. About half a million people work there, but less then 6000 live there.
There are some famous ancient buildings within the City. Per­haps the most striking of them is St. Paul's Cathedral, the great­est of English churches. It is Sir Christopher Wren`s masterpiece. It stands at the top of Ludgate Hill on a site where a Christian church has stood since the 7th century. The construction of the Cathedral started in 1676 and was not finished until 1709. The magnificent classical structure is crowned by the dome. Inside the dome are scenes from the life of St. Paul. Here too is the famous Whispering Gallery. There are many memorials in the Cathedral including those to heroes such as Wellington and Nelson.

The Tower of London is also situated in the City. It has been closely associated with many important events in English history. It has served as citadel, palace, prison, mint and menagerie. The White Tower was built in 1078 by William the Conqueror to pro­tect the city. The Tower is famous for its illustrious prisoners, such as Sir Thomas More and Guy Fawkes. Many notable people lost their heads on the executioner`s block. The Tower is guarded by the Yeoman Warders popularly known as Beefeaters.
Westminster is the historic center of government. Until the 11th century it was a sacred place. King Edward the Confessor decided to build a great abbey church here. It was consecrated in 1065, but a week later the King died and was buried in the ab­bey. His tomb became a popular place of pilgrimage. It can still be found at the heart of the present Westminster Abbey. Wil­liam the Conqueror was crowned in the Abbey and since then all the Coronations have taken place here. The Abbey contains many royal tombs, memorials to eminent men and women. But the most popular ones are those to writers, actors and musicians in Poet`s corner.

Alongside the Abbey Edward the Confessor had a palace built. The Palace of Westminster was the royal residence and also the country`s main court of law. Parliament met here from the 16th century until the 19th century. The present Houses of Parliament were built after the old palace was burnt down in 1834. The build­ing contains the House of Commons and the House of Lords, the two chambers where parliamentary business is debated. On the corner next to Westminster Bridge stands Clock Tower, which houses the famous bell Big Ben.

Buckingham Palace is the Queen`s official London residence. Built in 1702-1705 for the Duke of Buckingham, it was sold in 1761 to George III. The Palace was little used by royalty until Vic­toria`s accession to the throne in 1837. London's most popular spectacle is Changing of the Guard at Buckingham Palace. It takes place in the forecourt and lasts about 30 minutes.
The West End is the richest and most beautiful part of London. It is the symbol of wealth and luxury. The best hotels, shops, res­taurants, clubs and theatres are situated there. There are splendid houses and lovely gardens belonging to wealthy people. Oxford Street is an endless shopping area which attracts visitors from all over in the world.
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