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Moscow is the capital of Russia, its political, economic, educational and cultural
centre.
Moscow‟s history covers about two thousand years, though the earliest annals
set the date of its foundation as 1147. Because of its location, in the centre of the
European Russia, Moscow became a focal point for important trade routes. In the 13th
century it was the centre of the struggle with the Tatar invasion. In the 16th century
under Ivan the Terrible Moscow became the capital of the new united state. Though
Peter the Great moved the capital to St. Petersburg in 1712, Moscow remained the
heart of Russia. That is why it was the main target of Napoleon‟s attack and three
quarters of the city were destroyed by fire. After the October revolution Moscow
became the capital again.
Now Moscow is a great metropolis with the population of about 10 million
people and one of the most beautiful cities in the world. It is known for its wonderful
palaces, old mansions, cathedrals, churches and monuments. The heart of Moscow is
Red Square, which has more historical associations than any other place in the
capital. The Kremlin and St. Basil‟s Cathedral are masterpieces of ancient Russian
architecture. The symbol of the Kremlin is the Spasskaya Tower. It is notable for its
clock whose melodious chimes are well known to all citizens.
The role of the capital in the cultural life of the country is an important one.
Many glorious pages of Russian opera and ballet history are connected with the
Bolshoi Theatre. The Academic Maly Theatre, the Sovremennik Theatre, the Puppet
Theatre and many others are extremely popular with theatre-goers. There are more
than 80 museums in Moscow. The largest ones are the Pushkin Museum of Fine Arts
and the State Tretyakov Gallery, which has a splendid collection of Russian paintings.
Moscow is also known for its libraries, the most famous one is the Russian State
Library. Its bookstock houses over 41 million copies of different publications in 166
languages.
Moscow has contributed greatly to the development of Russian and world
education and science. There are over eighty higher educational establishments there.
The Moscow State University named after Lomonosov is one of the best ten
universities in the world, where thousands of people from Russia and other countries
get their education. Its magnificent 32 storied building is unique and of special
interest. Moscow is also the home of the Russian Academy of Sciences with its
numerous research institutes and laboratories.
The capital is constantly growing and changing. The major feature of Moscow‟s
present development is the establishment of the industries requiring highly skilled
labour and the branches producing high-quality apparatus, as well as the development
of new technologies.
Moscow is the railway, highway and international airway crossroads. Every day
one million visitors stream into the city, that is why it has a serious transport problem.
The most convenient and reliable means of transport is the Metro. It has 158 stations,
which are more like palaces due to the unique architecture and the artistic design.
The capital is the main political and administrative centre. It is not only the seat
of the government, but the headquarters of different political parties and international
organizations.
Moscow today is an enormous modern city with first-rate hotels, restaurants,
theatres, exhibition halls, shops and gigantic transport arteries. But in spirit Moscow
remains its traditional incomparable image. It is the embodiment of the Russian
character and history.