Нужно ответить на вопросы по тексту

Question

Нужно ответить на вопросы по тексту

Анастасия Литвин Ученик (37), на голосовании 1 неделю назад

вопросы
1. what is behaviourism
2. what is the role perceptions images and feelings in behaviourism
3. What is the argument of behaviourists about the role of environment in human development?
4. Who is primarily associated with behaviourism?
5. Who were the first behaviourists?
6. What animals did Pavlov use for his experiments on conditioned
reflexes?
7. Who proceeded to develop theories of learning in America?
8. What will Edward Lee Thorndike be always remembered for? 9. What are the two laws of learning according to Thorndike?
10. What did John Watson write in his article "Psychology as a Behavior-
ist Views It"?
11. What was the position of John Watson on human instincts, inherited capacities or talents?

текст

HISTORY OF BEHAVIOURISM
Behaviourism is the teaching that says that psychology must focus its attention on what is observable. Perceptions, thoughts, images, feelings are subjective and can never lead to an objective science. Be- haviourists argue that the majority of behaviour is learned from the en- vironment after birth, and psychology should investigate the laws and products of learning.
Behaviourism is primarily associated with Pavlov in Russia and with Thorndike, Watson and particularly Skinner in the United States. The first behaviourists were Russians. The very first was Ivan Setchenov who thought that all behavior is caused by stimulation. Vladimir Bekhterev is another early Russian behaviourist. He estab- lished the first psychology lab in Russia at the University of Kazan in 1885, and he discovered what he called the association reflex - what Pavlov would call the conditioned reflex.
The Russian physiologist Ivan Petrovich Pavlov (1848-1936) trained dogs to respond in a certain manner, for example, by first ring- ing a bell before feeding them and then simply ringing the bell upon which stimulus they would begin to salivate as if they were about to eat. Watson, Thorndike and Skinner used Pavlov's work and developed theories of learning that they attempted to use to explain all human behaviour.
Edward Lee Thorndike developed American version of Russian be- haviorism. He will always be remembered for his cats and his "puzzle boxes." These boxes had escape mechanisms of various complexities that required that the cats do several behaviors in sequence. From this research, he concluded that there were two laws of learning: The law of exercise (the more often it is used, the stronger the connection) and the law of effect (when an association is followed by a "satisfying state of af- fairs," the connection is strengthened).
John Watson wrote about the principles of behaviourism in the arti- cle called "Psychology as a Behaviorist Views It". He denied the existence of any human instincts, inherited capacities or talents, and tem- peraments. This radical environmentalism is reflected in his best known quote: "Give me a dozen healthy infants, well-formed, and my own spec- ified world to bring them up in and I'll guarantee to take any one at ran- dom and train him to become any type of specialist I might select-doc- tor, lawyer, artist, merchant-chief and, yes, even beggar-man and thief, regardless of his talents, ... tendencies, abilities,... and race of his ances-
tors"

Answer 1

What is behaviorism?
Behaviorism is the teaching that says psychology must focus its attention on what is observable, arguing that perceptions, thoughts, images, and feelings are subjective and cannot lead to an objective science.

What is the role of perceptions, images, and feelings in behaviorism?
In behaviorism, perceptions, images, and feelings are considered subjective and are not the focus of psychological study; behaviorism emphasizes observable behaviors instead.

What is the argument of behaviorists about the role of environment in human development?
Behaviorists argue that the majority of behavior is learned from the environment after birth, and psychology should investigate the laws and products of learning.

Who is primarily associated with behaviorism?
Behaviorism is primarily associated with Ivan Pavlov, Edward Thorndike, John Watson, and particularly B.F. Skinner.

Who were the first behaviorists?
The first behaviorists were Russian psychologists, with Ivan Setchenov being the very first, followed by Vladimir Bekhterev.

What animals did Pavlov use for his experiments on conditioned reflexes?
Pavlov used dogs for his experiments on conditioned reflexes.

Who proceeded to develop theories of learning in America?
John Watson, Edward Thorndike, and B.F. Skinner developed theories of learning in America.

What will Edward Lee Thorndike be always remembered for?
Edward Lee Thorndike will always be remembered for his "puzzle boxes" used in experiments with cats.

What are the two laws of learning according to Thorndike?
The two laws of learning according to Thorndike are: the law of exercise (the more often a behavior is used, the stronger the connection) and the law of effect (an association followed by a "satisfying state of affairs" strengthens the connection).

What did John Watson write in his article "Psychology as a Behaviorist Views It"?
In his article, Watson wrote about the principles of behaviorism and denied the existence of any human instincts, inherited capacities, or talents.

What was the position of John Watson on human instincts, inherited capacities, or talents?
John Watson denied the existence of any human instincts, inherited capacities, talents, and temperaments, promoting a radical environmentalism perspective.