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Exercise 3. Read the article and answer the following questions.
1. Why has the number of people working abroad increased?
2. Who did the following – the German manager in England or the American manager in France?
a) He made staff stay inside the building at lunchtime.
b) He gave staff targets.
c) He had meals with each staff member.
d) He stopped staff drinking during working hours.
e) He seemed to be working the staff.
f) He worked harder than other staff.
3. What are the differences in the way the two managers managed their staff?

The International Manager
In recent years, many companies have expanded globally. They have done this through mergers, joint ventures and co-operation with foreign companies. Because of this globalisation trend, many more employees are working abroad in managerial positions or as part of a multicultural team.
Although it is common nowadays for staff to work abroad to gain experience, many people have difficulty adapting to the new culture. The failure rate in US multinationals is estimated to be as high as 30% and it costs US business $3 billion a year.
Two typical failures have been described in the journal MANAGEMENT Today. The first example concerns a German manager with IBM who took up a position as product manager in England. He found that at most lunchtimes and especially on Fridays, many members of staff went to the pub. ‘I stopped that right away,’ he says. ‘Now they are not allowed off the premises. It didn’t make me very popular at the time but it is not good for efficiency. There is no way we would do that in Germany. No way.’
The second example is about an American manager who came to France on a management assignment. He was unable to win the trust of his staff although he tried all kinds of ways to do so. He set clear goals, worked longer hours than everybody, participated in all the projects, visited people’s offices and even took employees out to lunch one by one. But nothing seemed to work. This was because the staff believed strongly that the management were trying to exploit them.
The German manager's mistake was that he hadn't foreseen the cultural differences. IBM had a firm rule about drinking during working hours. It was not allowed. He didn't understand that staff in other countries might be more flexible in applying the rule. The American manager used the ways he was familiar with to gain the staff's trust. To them, he seemed more interested in getting the job done than in developing personal relationships. By walking around and visiting everyone in their offices, perhaps he gave the impression that he was 'checking up' on staff. His managerial approach strengthened their feeling of exploitation.