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Materials belong to two basic groups: natural materials and man-
made materials. Naturally occurring materials generally are used as they are found, except for
being cleaned. cut, or processed in a simple way that does not use much energy. Natural
materials include stone, wood, sand, etc. Man-made materials are created through processes that can alter the microstructure of the substances used to make the materials. Such materials include
ceramics, metals and their alloys, plastics, glass, cement, concrete, ete
Materials used for construction purposes possess different properties. They differ in
durability, strength, weight, fire-resistance and, naturally, cost. Most properties of materials fall
into several groups: mechanical, chemical, electrical, magnetic, thermal, etc.
Some of the most important mechanical propertics are strength, hardness, elasticity,
plasticity, brittleness, etc.
When materials are exposed to forces, such as tension (stretching forces --0->) and
compression (crushing forces ->a+-), they deform - that is, they change shape. The type of
deformation depends on the type of force that is applied.
When a material is subjccted to tension, its length will increase by a certain amount. This
is called extension or elongation. It is especially important to understand the performance of
materials in tension, as their tensile strength (ability to resist tension) is usually lower than their
compressive strength (ability to resist compression).
Some materials can extend significantly, but still return to their original shape. A
material's ability to do this is called elasticity. Rubber is an example of a very elastic material.
If a material has a very low elasticity, and is strong, engineers say it is stiff. If a material
has low elasticity and is weak, it is described as brittle - " that D, is, it breaks reaks very very easily. easily. Glass Glass is is an
example of a brittle material,
Some materials can change shape significantly, but do not return to their original shape.
We say these materials are plastic.
The hardness of a material affects its durability - that is, how long it will last. Generally
hard materials are more durable than sofit.
The ability of construction materials to resist the effects by chemicals like acids, salts,
etc. is known as chemical resistance.
The properties of a material to conduct or to resist electricity through them are electrical
properties of material.
Some materials conduct heat better than others. Therefore, thermal conductivity varies,
depending on the material. As the temperature increases, most materials expand (increase in size
due to heating), and as temperature falls, they contract (decrease in size due to cooling).