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Painting of old masters is one of the greatest treasures mankind has collected in the history of civilization. Old painting reflects the collective experience of human spiritual life of many centuries.
Painting in England in the 17th – 19th centuries is represented by a number of great artists. Such masters as Reynolds, Gainsborough, Lawrence and Raeborn created the impressive formal style of portrait.
By the end of the 18th century a school of landscape painting was firmly established in England. It reached its culmination in the early 19th century in the works of two greatest English landscape painters – John Constable and Joseph Turner. They represented two different trends in English painting: Constable – Realistic trend and Turner – Romantic trend.
Constable may be regarded as the splendid prose of earth; Turner gives us the poetry of the earth.
Literature plays a key role in global culture. It educates and entertains us, brings past centuries to life and helps us to understand our deepest dreams and fears. Literature is the developed world’s most dynamic and popular art form.
In Britain there are also a lot of outstanding poets and writers. The most prominent is William Shakespeare. He is the greatest poet and dramatist. He wrote 37 plays. He is also known as the author of 154 sonnets.
Robert Burns is a famous Scottish national poet. He left behind him a rich heritage of folksongs and poetry.
The greatest novelists are Walter Scott, a great master of the historical novel and Charles Dickens, who wrote many stories about childhood.
Jonathan Swift is the greatest satirist in the history of British literature. He is the author of the immortal work “Gulliver’s Travels”.
Oscar Wilde wrote many poems, fairy tales, plays, critical essays and the novel “The Picture of Dorian Gray”.
In all epoch there were people who tried to use their knowledge to improve their life and life of other people.
The industrial technologies were perfected more and more intensively. The new inventions came up very often. Some of them, for example Watt’s steam engine has played the relevant role in life of mankind. All of patterns remember also other great scientists: Newton and his theory of gravitation, Rutherford and his discoveries in nuclear physics, and his theory of the structure of the atom.
Alexander Fleming’s discovery of the antibacterial powers of the mould from which penicillin is derived was a great triumph.
II. Choose the correct answer.

1) Gainsborough created the impressive formal style of… .

a) landscape

b) portrait

c) sea

d) nature

2) John Constable is the greatest English … painter.

a) landscape

b) portrait

c) sea

d) nature

3) W. Shakespeare is the greatest … .

a) novelist

b) painter

c) poet

d) scientist

4) Robert Burns left behind him a rich heritage of … .

a) folksongs

b) novels

c) paintings

d) essays

5) Jonathan Swift is the author of the immortal work … .

a) “The picture of Dorian Gray”

b) “Robinson Crusoe”

c) “Gulliver’s Travels”

d) sonnets

6) Walter Scott was a great master of the historical … .

a) poems

b) dramas

c) essays

d) novels

7) Oscar Wilde wrote many … .

a) paintings

b) novels

c) fairy tales

d) scientific works

8) Rutherford made discoveries in … .

a) antibacterial power of the mould

b) the theory of gravitation

c) steam engine

d) nuclear physics

9) Alexander Fleming discovered … .

a) the steam engine

b) penicillin

c) the theory of gravitation

d) the structure of the atom