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Твердое тело, ось, напряжение, деформация, сопротивление материалов, сила, равновесие, статика, осевое (продольное) напряжение, внешние силы, внутренние силы, деформируемые тела, нагрузка, сопротивление, жесткость, прочность, способность выдерживать нагрузку, план – функция.
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Mechanics of materials is the branch of applied mechanics that deals with the internal behavior of variously loaded solid bodies. The "solid bodies" referred to include shafts, bars (ригели), beams (балки), and columns, as well as structures and machines that are assemblies (сборки, монтажи) of these components. Also called strength of materials or mechanics of deformable bodies, mechanics of materials focuses primarily on stress analysis and on the mechanical properties (свойства) of materials.
The study of mechanics of materials is based upon an understanding of the equilibrium of bodies under the action of forces. While statics treats the external behavior of bodies that are ideally rigid (неподвижны) and at rest, mechanics of materials is concerned with the relationships between external loads and internal forces and deformations induced (вызванные) in the body.
All forces acting on a body are considered external forces. These forces are classified as surface forces and body forces.
A surface force is of concentrated type when it acts at a point, but it may also be distributed over a finite area. A body force acts on a volumetric element rather than on a surface and is attributable to (относится) fields such as gravity and magnetism. The force of the earth on an object at or near the surface is termed the weight of the object. Internal forces in a body can be considered as forces of interaction (взаимодействия) between the constituent (составляющие) material particles of the body.
The usual objective of mechanics of materials is the examination of the load carrying capacity of a body from three standpoints (позиции): strength, stiffness, and stability. These qualities relate to (связано с) the ability of a member to resist permanent (постоянный) deformation or fracture (разрыв, разрушение), to resist deflection, and to retain (сохранить) its equilibrium configuration. The stress level, sometimes expressed through failure theories which relates to the complex stresses in a structure with the experimentally obtained axial stress, is used as a measure of strength. Failure can be defined, in very general terms, as any action that results in an inability on the part of the structure to function in the manner intended.
The main concerns in the study of mechanics of materials may be summarized as follows:
1. Analysis of stress and deformation within a loaded body, which is accomplished (достигнуто) by application (применение) of one of the methods.
2. Determination by analysis (or by experiment) of the largest load a structure can sustain (выдержать) without suffering damage, failure, or compromise (подрыв) of function.
3. Determination of the body shape and selection of those materials which are most efficient for resisting a prescribed system of forces under specified environmental conditions of operation (эксплуатация). This is called the design function.
The ever-increasing demand for more sophisticated structural and machine components (сложные структурные и машинные компоненты) calls for the concepts of stress and strain and of the behavior of materials.
Solid body, axis, stress, deformation, strength of materials, force, equilibrium, statics, axial stress, external forces, internal forces, deformable bodies, load, resistance, stiffness, strength, load-carrying capacity, function of a plan.