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ENGINEERING

A science dealing with design,
construction and operation of structures, engines, machines, various devices is
known in English as engineering for which it is sometimes difficult to find Russian
equivalents.

The proper Russian equivalents are “техника, строительство, инженерное

дело”.

Now the art of building houses, temples,
pyramids and other structures is called

“civil
engineering”.

At the time of the Roman
Empire there were already two branches of engineering: civil
engineering and military engineering. Military engineering included the
building of fortifications and military devices. One may find the remains of
Roman structures in Italy,
on the territory of modern England
which was under Roman rule for about four centuries.

By time civil engineering grew into a
profession requiring college training and has become an important branch of
national economy.

With the invention of the steam engine and
the growth of factories practical

application of
the science of mechanics and thermodynamics to the design of

machines
attracted the attention of civil engineers.

They called themselves “mechanical
engineers”, separating themselves from civilengineering. It laid the foundation
for a new branch of engineering –mechanical engineering. Mechanical engineering
deals with design, construction and operation of engines, turbines,
air-conditioning, refrigeration devices, elevators, conveyors, escalators. The
mechanical engineer designs machine-tools* for various operations and their
application in various production processes.

One of the many
branches of mechanical engineering is aeronautics which deals

with the
mechanics of moving bodies in fluid or air.

In the 19th century with the development
of the science of electricity a new branch of engineering – electrical
engineering appeared.

Electrical engineering is divided into
main branches: communications engineering and power engineering. Communications
engineering deals with minute quantities of electricity, used for all kinds of communications;
power engineering – with the means for producing power. Therefore, the
electrical engineer designs radio, television and telephone equipment; the
power engineer – generators, switches, transformers, etc.

In the middle of the 20th century there
appeared new branches of engineering –

nuclear
engineering and space engineering.

Nuclear is based on atomic physics. Space
engineering is impossible without all

modern
scientific achievements.

Present day engineering includes chemical
engineering, dealing with processes

and equipment
possible to change the state, energy content, physical and chemical

composition of
various materials.

Nowadays there are hundreds of
subdivisions of engineering but all of them

branched off
from civil, mechanical, electrical or chemical engineering.